BOEINGs Strengths Analysis Essay Example for Free

BOEINGs Strengths Analysis EssayStrengths Implications1. Highly Skilled Managers The operation of the keep social club get out run smoothly. The performance of the company will improve and would lead the company to be successful.2. Provide global customer support It would serve the customers better and it would be very convenient to those customers in other countries to ask for help. This would help the company to stool a better image due to the provided services to help the customers.3. Outsourcing It can save time for the company to manufacture or assembly its products. 4. emphasise the product quality The durability of the company could last long. It gives the company to have a durability image to the customers. Customers would likely be satisfied and the company could gain some customer loyalty.5. Recognized market leader Customers would likely choose them first as their priority.6. Strong mail name Customers would easily associate the product. The brand name is instill ed in the mind of the customers. Then, customers would think that the product is of good quality and the product would be their major choice when purchasing. The company would be able to impart higher sales for having strong brand name. It besides has more than(prenominal) advantage than the competitors in many areas.7. Joint ventures/ Alliances with other aircraft companies It would help the company lessen its tear on producing other parts of aircraft. It aids on making the production of aircraft faster with the service of another(prenominal) companies. It would make the aircraft production for two aircraft companies sharing ideas for the betterment of the aircraft.8. Many Features This will give higher probability that the customer would buy the product because of the extra features. This is absolutely an advantage for the company. If passengers are satisfied by this aircraft nigh probably that the airline would buy again from the same company of aircraft gaining customer loyalty.Weaknesses Implications1. Layoff technical workers It will consume lots of time to hire impudent workers and will spend lot of money to train them if there is a need to do so. In fact, hiring or choosing the right candidates is a critical operation of the company. This qualification threaten other workers for cosmos the next candidate to be laid off. And this would lead to lower productivity. Mostly, new workers are to be oriented and supervised so it will take time.2. Mismanagement of parts or raw materials When the parts are needed, they are roughlyly not available for the production process. Thus, while in process, a halt power happen. So, it is not efficient at all.3. Conservative Company The company could not improve well on its system. It could not reconcile to the changes in the environment that leads to failures. It believes that its system will work well when in fact there might be other effective ways. It might turn a loss some opportunities that come its way .4. High Production Cost It might lead to higher cost of product to be able to earn revenue. And it is not consonant to the goal of the customers. It might also lead to lower demand and lesser income.5. Every 12 years of generating or launching a new aircraft project Competitors might be the first to launch new aircraft that threatens the company. And they might surpass the ability of the company in terms of generating sales. When the time the company launches the new aircraft, most airlines have already purchased the aircraft of its competitors so it would not need to purchase again.Opportunities Implications1. Transferring technological know how to new products or business The company has lesser difficulties in operational the new acquired business for they are using the same method from their own company. This means that growth occur in the country.2. Extend reputation to new geographic area The Boeing company not only would want their domestic country know them but also to ot her geographic areas. As of now, airlines are more familiar with Boeing than its competitors.3. Acquisition of rival aircraft company It means that there would be fewer competitors. It would also strengthen the system of the company. Because of involvement of more employees. These employees would contribute knowledge and expertise to help the company grow. New way of running the business may supplement in the development of the company. Im one way or another it serves its purpose of improvement.4. Expanding the companys product line to meet a broader range of customer needs The company may gain advantage on investing in a different product line. Facing new competitors would be a challenge on the part of the company. There might be opportunities waiting for the company. It is also an additional income for the company if it becomes successful. And to meet the needs of the customers by providing new products would lead to an aggressive and healthy competition. It also helps build the economy of the country if there is new development in companies. And it also leads to high employment because theres a need to hire more employees to implement the new business activities.Threats Implications1. Competitor The competitor might out beat them and threat is higher for their market share. Lack of planning would have big impact to the company. They should anticipate for the rivalry between them. Timing and being competitive is importingant. If they are not met, this would incur loss in thecompany.2. Trade Barriers They may encounter difficulties in the regulation regarding aircraft imposed by the country to which they import their products to. They may also need documents before releasing or create an aircraft.3. Deregulation of Airlines The regulation of the company for its customers would compromise in order to gain privilege of the customers. This may affect the standard operation of the company and may also result to disorganized process of company operation.4. Terr orist Attack The horrible incident of 9/11 may also be a cause of not buying another aircraft. People of that country would not want to travel because they are threat by the terrorist attack. It would results to decrease the people who are traveling and lead the airline customers freeze to buy aircraft, since the people who travel has been reduced.5. Supply and demand for the aircraft The more people that are not traveling, the more chances that the airline industry wont buy new airplanes. This may results to low demand.

Instrument of oppression Essay Example for Free

Instrument of oppression EssayTo what extent is any land an instrument of oppression. (50 marks)Anarchism holds the primary view that the evidence oppresses its citizens. They believe that we be all capable of living together peacefully in a union without authority. According to anarchists, the subject is oppressive beca make use of manhood are course free and equal entirely the state takes this away from them and wherefore oppresses them. The belief is that true freedom can only be obtained with the abolishment of the state and the rejection of big businessman. Furthermore, the fact that we did not consent to the state (we were patently born into it) then we lay down no political obligation to obey the laws and uphold their society. Two other(a) main views that the state can be an instrument of oppression are held by Marxists and Liberalists.The Marxist view is that the superstructural features of the state (e.g. legal and political institutions, friendly conscious ness, morality, godliness etc.) only serve the interest of the ascendant class and reinforce the oppressive power structures. Furthermore, Liberalism states that the role of the state should be limited to protecting the life, liberty and shoes of the unmarrieds (Lockes Law of Nature) and this can only be achieved when the state is a neutral umpire in affairs. If the state ever goes beyond this then its power survives oppressive.The anarchists criticise the state by saying that it is, by its nature, authoritarian, it employs centralised power structures and claims a monopoly on legitimate violence (this means that if anyone else apart from the state were to use violence to, for example, protect themselves then this is classed as bastard and they can be punished for this). Anarchism outlines the following reasons as to why the state should be abolished and replaced by social organisations the state is sovereign and claims complete authority to define the rights and obligations of the citizens, the state is compulsory and all citizens are forced to oblige and the state is a distinct consistence (which means that its roles and functions are separated from others) and those who make up the government tend to form a distinct class. This forms the most fundamental reason why the state should be abolished with is that the state violates and undermines liberty.One could argue that the state is useful because they provide protection from individuals againstothers and co-ordinate productive work. Furthermore, Hobbes puts forward the view that because human nature is naturally egotistic, anarchy would give free reign to exploit each other and that without laws human society would descend into a war of all against all with everyone divine service their own interests and not co-operating. However, anarchists argue that for both of these essential functions, we do not need the state. We need some form of collective body or bodies, but these need not claim sovereignty and need no more power than what is required for their specific function. They can be voluntary, with people allowed to join or leave as they choose. There need not be just one body providing these functions as these could be competition between associations and they could be operate on by everybody together. Overall, the anarchist view is not entirely convincing. They seem to have misunderstood human nature and think too highly of how humans would tolerate and co-operate with a governing body to direct them.Marxism holds a similar view of the state as an instrument of oppression but proposes another way or so this. It states that the state and its superstructural features only serve the interests of the dominant class and it reinforces oppressive power structures. They believe that liberal and conservative ideological justifications of the state only reflect the dominant classs interests. Marxists believe that oppression stems from exploitation. They say that the state exploits its subjects in two main ways it extracts profit from workers by paying them less allowance than what their labour is worth and they alienate individuals from the means of production, products of their labour and any sense of community or private ownership. They believe that this excludes genuine freedom and thitherfore the state becomes oppressive.Furthermore, the exercise of political power is against our natural rights. We all have natural right to freedom which the state removes. Nobody can justly confederate to anothers authority without their consent and since we were either born into the state and therefore did not ask to be involved and do not have to obey the laws or because no state can obtain the consent of all the citizens then its use of power must therefore be illegitimate and oppressive. The solution proposed by Marxists is that of communism. Pure communism states that there will be no state, no money, no private property and no crime. They believe that humans arem alleable and can grow, develop and realise their potential through their relationships with each other. The view is that humans will live co-operatively in a society without the state.However, Marxism seems to have an idealistic view of human nature and misunderstands that people would not work together and live peacefully. Furthermore, history has shown us that communism simply doesnt work as a leader will always be needed to start a revolution and from then on they will become the state which we would have consented to and therefore would not be oppressive. Overall, the Marxist view makes good points on how the state is oppressive but the alternative of communism would simply bring us around to a state that we have consented to through our support of the revolution and therefore this state would not be oppressive.Liberalism believes that the state should be limited to protecting the life, liberty and property of individuals (Lockes Law of Nature). They propose that the state shoul d become a neutral umpire which is only there to stop you causing harm to others. Anything beyond this and the state becomes oppressive. The state becomes oppressive when it legislates within the private sphere (e.g. when it becomes concerned with our moral improvement, when it adopts a paternalistic concern for the well-being of the citizens, when it over-regulates the economy or when it outlaws freely chosen economic transactions.They believe that the use of coercion by the state goes beyond what is needed to ensure good lay as their laws are excessive and punitive. Furthermore, the way that the state intervenes in the private life of its citizens (by, for example, criminalising private affairs such as drug use) means that it does not act as a neutral umpire and is oppressive because it restricts the individuals freedom to do what they want with their private life.In conclusion, the state is naturally oppressive to the individuals freedom and the fact that we havent consented to it yet still have to follow its laws further restricts this. However, the alternatives to the state would not work (as history has shown us with Marxism, for example). Furthermore, Hobbes seems to have an accurate view on human nature (that we are all self-interested) and therefore, regardless of whether the state isoppressive, we need it to protect us from harming each other. In this sense, the state is not oppressive because it actually protects our life, liberty and property (even if we havent consented to it and do not want to live by its rules it is still there to help us).

Biblical Terms Used in Counseling Essay Example for Free

biblical Terms Used in Counseling Es swearDr. William Roberts LaTonia Watkins Liberty University COUN 501 December 18, 2009 Abstract The topic of focus has been up for discussion for sometime as it relates to the spiritual or biblical aspect versus the world raft or secular concept. There has been some disagreement in regards to whether or not one can be a Christian counselor who have a level of morals and ethics that will allow them to not let their own personal beliefs affect the level of service they provide, when faced with an issue that goes against their beliefs. Upon conducting a biblical word try for counsel or pleader related basis it becomes evident that the core principles and origination of talk over is found end-to-end the playscript. The information obtained will detail the usefulness of the watchword in zesty in a meaningful as comfortably as effective focusing profession. Biblical Terms Used In Counseling There has been oft dispute as to the usefulne ss and validity for using biblical concepts in advocate.The most common disagreement is found between focal point professionals and Christian counseling professionals. Pride (2006) states, psychology approaches hu mankind behavior from a secular, humanistic perspective. Accordingly, Biblical revelation is irrelevant to understanding or ever-changing human behavior. Psychology seeks to place and explain human behavior apart from what paragon has clearly revealed. Its premises atomic number 18 derived from man-made theories, human wisdom and research conducted with bulge a corresponding search for truth as beau ideal defines truth.Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) have a different opinion of counseling and prefer using the Bible stating secular psychology begins with a contain of mans ideas Biblical counseling begins with a study of the Word of God as it relates to human behavior and human need. Therefore it is dependent upon the revealed sound judgment of God rather than the ea sily deceived mind of man. However it does not begin with God, it follows a path that lines up with the Word of God and examines mans problems in ignition of Gods responses.The two aforementioned viewpoints ar clear cut examples of the differences in opinions and viewpoints for counseling from a secular perspective as come up as the religious perspective. Another view of counseling attempts to integrate religion/biblical views or perspectives with psychological counseling which is known as the secular-humanist view. Some view counseling as a mathematical process of prayerfully and sensitively listening to another person (Proverbs 1813, 17), helping discern soul needs and providing biblical advice towards changing the attitudes and behaviors towards modeling God.The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the validity of the Bible as a source for counseling and to expand the overall view of counseling perspectives. By examining words and concepts in the Bible as they relate to coun seling the relationship between the two will be discovered. Using Biblical concepts adds depth and enriches the counseling relationship (Pride, 2006). Also addressed in this paper will be the ways of Biblical terms and their relationship to modern counseling concepts. Biblical counseling terms can provide a useful tool for counseling as well as allows for an understanding of counseling concepts in the field of counseling.Biblical Words Related to Counseling Counsel The term counsel is found to be translated 80 times throughout the queen mole rat pile Version of the bible which includes 74 verses between the Old Testament and the New Testament combined. According to the word search the term counsel is used interchangeably with several terms in the bible such as advise (Qal), consult (Nipal) and conspire (Hithpael). Judges 185 They said, Oh, good- inquire of God for us. Find out whether our missionary station will be a success. In this passage they argon see baron (consult) God fo r his guidance (advise) in regards to the outcome of their mission.I Kings 128-9 But he rejected the counsel of the elders and asked the young men hed grown up with who were now currying his favor, What do you think? What should I say to these people who are saying, give us a break from your fathers harsh ways- lighten up on us? This passage also shows an example of mortal seeking advice in their situation. Mark 36 The Pharisees got out as fast as they could, sputtering about how they would join forces with Herods followers and bust him. This sacred scripture details how the Pharisees consulted together and decide that they would join forces with Herods followers and go against Jesus.John 1814 It was Caiaphas who had advised the Jews that it was to their advantage that one man die for the people. In this scripture Caiaphas is advising (counseling) the people on Jesus dying for the people. Advise The word advise has 947 different translations in 873 versus in the King jam Vers ion of the Bible and is derived from the Hebrew word ya-ats, meaning to know, learn to know, to perceive, see and discern, to name a few. These translations were only referenced to the Old Testament according to ghastly Letter Bible however after cross referencing with Crosswalk, New Testament scriptures were listed as well.Exodus 1819 Now listen to me. Let me promise you how to do this so that God will be in this with you. Be there for the people before God, but let the matters of concern be presented to God. This scripture details Moses father in law advising him to be there for the people, however to allow God to handle everything and work things out for them. I Kings 126 King Rehoboam talked it over with the elders who had advised his father when he was alive. Whats your counsel? How do you suggest that I answer the people? In this scripture the King is seeking to be counseled and advised from the elders as to how he should treat the people.Acts 2121 Theyve been told that yo u advise believing Jews who live surrounded by Gentiles to go light on Moses, telling them that they dont need to circumcise their children or keep up the old traditions. This isnt sitting at all well with them. In this scripture they are discussing getting advise as to whether they should follow the traditional teachings of Moses and allow their children to be circumcised or if they should go against tradition. Help The word help appears 126 times in 117 versus throughout the King James Version of the Bible the Old and New Testament according to Blue letter Bible.Help is listed as to help (Qal), succor (Niphal), or support (Hiphil) which is defined as to give or provide what is necessary to accomplish a task or satisfy a need to confer strength or means to render assistance to to cooperate effectively (Webster 2005). Genesis 218 God said, Its not good for the serviceman to be alone Ill make him a helper, a companion. In this scripture help is being used in the form of God open handed Adam a companion in order for him to no longer be alone. Mark 924 No sooner were the words out of his mouth than the father cried, Then I believe.Help me with my doubts In this scripture the father of the demon possessed boy was seeking Jesus help with clay sculpture the demon out of his son. The father was acknowledging that he had a need of Jesus and that he knew that Jesus could help him, although a part of him had doubts, I would venture to say it was because the disciples had tried to cast the demon out of the boy and were unable to do so. Advice The word advice appears 9 times in 9 versus in the King James Version of the Bible and is derived from the Hebrew word dabar, meaning speech, word, speaking, thing.II Samuel 1943 And the men of Israel answered the men of Judah, and said , We have ten parts in the king, and we have also more right in David than ye why then did ye despise us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king? And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the men of Israel. In this scripture they are seeking advice as to why they were not sought out first as to the decision regarding bringing back the king. I Corinthians 110 I have a serious concern to bring up with you, my friends, using the permission of Jesus, our Master.Ill put it as urgently as I can You must get along with each other. You must learn to be tactful of one another, cultivating a life in common. In this scripture Paul is giving the people advice on getting along with each other and culture to be considerate. Discussion After completing this assignment and getting the information and knowledge gained from this course I can say that my view of counseling has changed. Although I have read the bible many times, and I am taking up Professional Counseling, it did not occur to me until this assignment how the bible is definitely the radical for any counseling practice.When you look at some of the terms used to describe Je sus in the text,( i. e. Master, Teacher, Counselor, etc. ) it puts things in to perspective as to where the foundation of counseling began. Jesus is the central focus of counseling and the exemplar of the Wonderful Counselor. The Bible is about counseling, giving both understanding of people and methods of ministering to people. The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom, and wisdom is the only worthy goal of counseling. (Carson, 2005). The Bible is authoritative, relevant and comprehensively sufficient for counseling.God has spoken to every issue that humans could possible face in the 66 Books of the Bible, which establishes the goal of counseling, how to change, what the role of the counselor is, counseling methods and so much more. The Bibles view of counseling defines a characteristic ideal for how we as humans should live. The image of Christ is a familiar item in Christian profession, but its implications are often ignored when it comes to counseling. often of the difficult y of counseling consists in sustaining suffers in hope through the comforts of the gospel.Counseling is simply the personalized ministry of the Bible, tailored to the particular situations and problems of individuals and small groups. In Genesis, God led the way when he was talking to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden regarding the decision they made to disobey his word and follow the serpent. Although this is a clear cut example of God counseling the two (advising, consulting, teaching, helping, etc. ), I dont think we (society) really looks at this situation in regards to a counseling aspect.Models of spiritual counseling in the Bible can serve as important templates for counseling in the professional (secular) as well as the Christian aspects. The emphasis on communication and relationships implies the concept of involvement which is dependent on availability to council (Acts 2031) and the importance of balance in the process of counseling, (Galatians 62 and 65). Conclusion Ther e are so many more words that are found in the counseling area that are used throughout the Bible this paper only included a few. Hathaway (2009) talks about Proverbs and Psalms being gold mines of wisdom and solace relevant to counseling.The words from the Bible relating to counseling enhances counseling and are deemed appropriate as they relate to counseling outside the Christian realm. A concern that arose charm doing the research is that the Biblical counseling aspect is non-subjective and refers to the counsel and the instructive power of God through the Holy Spirit. Biblical words in counseling are the foundation from where counseling stems, which reiterates that there is nothing new under the sun as it relates to what can be found in the Word of God. McMinn (1996 )states scripture and the counseling approach God enjoins, treats all of human life.The Bibles counseling, on which we must seek to model our own counseling, speaks to the gamut of problems in living. Scripture co mforts the unrestrained and disturbs the comfortable, turning people from foolishness to wisdom in every area e. g. , learning to conciliate and to build constructive relationships in family, church, workplace, and neighborhood attitudes and practices regarding finances and bodily possessions responding to physical health or illness, to wealth or poverty, to success or failure, to acceptance or rejection self-and other deception addictive behaviors the gamut of emotions, whether dysphoric (e. . , anger, depression, anxiety, fear, guilt) or euphoric (e. g. , love, happiness, joy, gratitude, confidence) decision-making the response to suffering and bereavement and so forth. In relation to using the Bible as a counseling tools it is best summed by Walker (2005) the Bible is sufficient to provide a systematic approach to counseling. The Bible provides and models both counsel and counseling, teaching us to do likewise, with the intention of changing and sustaining people.

Development of First Person Shooter (FPS) Games

Development of First Person Shooter (FPS) GamesFirst- mortal shooter (FPS) is a video grainy that shows the juicy play around gun and projectile weapon-based combat in the perspective of briny someone. The player experiences the action via the protagonist eye view. In general, the inaugural-person shooter sh atomic number 18s joint fictitious characters along with some other shooter back ups. From the literary genres inception, advanced 3D graphics elements have challenged the hardw be development, also the multiplayer gaming has been integral.First-person shooters are a type of 3D shooter game, featuring a first person point of view with which the player sees the action through the eyes of the player character. Usually, a player goes through a series of levels. The best examples are Halo series, the Left 4 Dead and Half-Life series, and Golden midriff 007.GeneralThere are more diametric types of PC games in the market today. From the flight of stairs simulators to a rea l-time strategy, all the varieties have created niche markets amongst several computer gamers. First-Person Shooter is one of the swiftly festering game-types. Over-the-shoulder shooter games other game names which are based upon relatively premises comes under First-Person Shooter as a subcategory. We stack see through the eyes of main character. The goal will be actually simple for such games. However, reducing the genre to simplistic elements fails to appreciate the reasons that these games are so popular. First-person shooters implements modish engineering science and lead the industry. Later it provided support for multi-player gaming, also generated praise and condemnation.As we all know that the action games are fun-packed and stir thus become very popular. In this game, we need to use weapons, reflexes and particular(a) moves in regulate to beat the opponents and move ahead in the game. There are many types of shooter games. substance AnalysisIn recent years, violent video games have become very popular. Every player creates their individual game content depending on the user s decisions and actions in a game. Individual game content concepts are essential for the evaluation of potential effects of media usage on cognitions, affects, and behavior. This study analyses the singly generated content with high temporal resolution. Continuous heart rate, skin conductance are associated with game content, which distinguishes the different game playing phases and transitions. In both intra-player and inter-player levels, Playing phases and transitions surrounded by playing phases are analyzed. fibThe First-Person Shooters were evolved since 1970 s. Maze War and Spasim were started in 1973. However, the completion date is unkn cause. Later in 1974, University of Illinois was developed which was a rudimentary space flight simulator, and also first-person perspective. Detailed combat flight simulators and tank simulator development were influenced from Spasim. In 1980, Battlezone was released which is a tank game. First-person viewpoint and 3D graphics were successfully launched in 1983 for foundation computersIn 1987, MIDI Maze was released which was an early first-person shooter. Through the MIDI interface it employ to network multiplayer games before Ethernet and Internet was introduced. In 1991, Id computer softwares Hovertank 3D developed light beam casting knowledge to enable faster gameplay for vehicle simulators. Later advanced texture mapping was introduced though Ultima Under universe The Stygian Abyss. In 1992, role-playing game by Looking Glass Technologies introduced first person viewpoint and an advanced graphics engine.Due to violence associated with the First person shooters, they sometimes attract the negative economic aid of parents and censorship. They are liked by some and hated by others. However, now the First person shooters have evolved to be more than just mindless violence.The first FPS is Wolfenste in which was released in 1992 by id software. He Introduced super graphics, high quality sound, and unique playing styles and remained popular.In 1993, Doom was released by id software which was a big crook point in the First person shooters history. It was more powerful and advanced than Wildenstein, as it has a much larger weapons variety. ace of its main selling points was its major power to stage multiplayer games. Due to Doom s success, id software has literally become the king of FPS game developers.In 1995, Star Wars were made into a FPS- low Forces by LucasArts. It is inspired by the movie, Star Wars. Later in 1996, RPG/FPS named Dagger fall was released by Bethesda Soft works. During this period, even the other genres are merged with FPS. One could bear on enemies with swords, ride horses, join guilds, buy houses, burglarize shops, and even become a devil.In 1996, ID Software released Quake which was the first FPS to move from 2-dimensional pop-up enemies to fully 3-di mensional models. The gamers require 3D accelerator cards for high performance to play this game. In 1997, its sequel was released as Quake 2, which won much acclaim from both the gamers and critics.Golden Eye 007 which was one of the most popular console FPSs of all time was released in 1997 influenced from the movie of the same name. In 1998, the game Half-Life was released by Valve. It changed the gaming world by making its touch as the capaciousest in the FP shooter.Amazing graphics, highly artificial environment, and a playing style influenced by movie. Thief The Dark Project was released in the same year which emphasizes on stealth element.In 2000, Monolith Productions released No One Lives Forever. In 2001, Halo for Xbox was released by Bungie Studios. The story is futuristic and involves inhibit Chief fighting an alien cult and zombies in marine.In 2004, an incredibly cinematic Doom 3 was launched with the story based on mars. Later in 2004, Half-Life 2 was released which was considered as the greatest first person shooter ever. It features includes highly advanced graphics, amazing physics engine, and a super artificial intelligence.The cop history of First person shooters in brief above shows how the First person shooters have continued to push the sheath of graphics, sound, and game play. In the ago decade, FPS achieved new heights. Making the gaming experience much more cinematic and realistic, First person shooters immerse the player into a completely new engrossing world.Difference between First Person Shooters and Third Person ShootersDue to crossover of features and other recent overlaps, differences between First person shooters and third person shooters continues to exist some confusion. One of the most basic differences is the character s perspective. In a FP shooters game, the player is the main character and his viewpoint is through his own eyes. He will not be able to see himself, however, can view the surroundings.In FP shooters, yo u almost blow up every affaire you see. Hands and weapons can be seen at the bottom of the cover song as the action is taking place through the eyes of the character. However, in third person shooter game, the main character can see himself on the screen. In Third-person shooters game, the surrounding environment was more clearly visible to the players. It helps the player to be more interactive with the surrounding environment. The main difference, between FP Shooters and Third Person Shooters, is the player perception in interacting with objects is more optimal.As the Third Person Shooter can see himself in the center field of the action, he can usually do some really kick-butt maneuvers like Jackie Chan style back flips and side rolls. That is the reason, the game designer is allowed to create more strongly characterized avatar, and directs the players attention as if watching a film.The boundaries between FP Shooters and Third-Person Shooters are not al airs clear. While the main character is driving a vehicle, many FPS games jump to a third-person viewpoint. In many other games like- Metroid Prime and Combat, the combination of first-person for aiming and third-person for driving has been used.TechnologyAdvanced technology and Internet has led to the development of a amount of multiplayer First person shooters. Multiplayer FP Shooter games online allows you to interact with players from all around the world and enjoy the FPS games online with them. You can even make teams online so as to fling off the enemies easily. One of the most popular FP Shooter games online is Counter Strike is. In Counter Strike, you can interact with team partners so as to form the strategy on the selection of the weapons, decide the location and then fight enemies.Some FPS games focus on the storyline too, beside the action. Experiencing a different kind of world, you need to find clues and kill enemies silently so as to move ahead in the game. Half-Life is one such game.A s a group, first-person shooters tend to be driving forces in accelerating the development of computer software and hardware. Other types of games are now trying to keep up, but FPSs have a clear lead in the technology race. The rise of the 3D graphics accelerator cannot be accredited to business applications it is rooted firmly in computer games. It could be argued that 3Dfx, the company that created the Voodoo chipset used by several graphics cards, owes much of its success to GL Quake.A short list few FPS gamesZero Tolerance (Raycaster)Wolfenstein 3-D (Raycaster)Duke Nukem (Raycaster)Shadow Warrior (Raycaster)Doom (Raycaster)ascent of The Triad (Raycaster)Quake (3D)Quake 2 (3D)Quake III Arena (3D)Hexen (Raycaster)Counter Strike 1.6 (3D)Counter Strike Source (3D)Shogo Mobile Armor variance (3D)No One Lives Forever (3D)Half-Life (3D)Half-Life 2 (3D)Unreal (3D)Unreal Tournament (3D)Unreal Tournament 2004 (3D).Some popular first person shooter games descriptionMaze war developer Ste ve colley, Platform mlac PDS-1, Mac, NeXT Computer, PalmOS, Xerox Star. Release date on -INT 1974. Genre- First person shooter.Model-Single player, multiplayer Maze War (also cognize as The Maze Game, Maze Wars, Maze war, or simply Maze) is a historically significant video game.Maze War originated or disseminated a routine of concepts used in thousands of games to follow, and is considered one of the earliest, if not the earliest, examples of a first person shooter.By later standards, gameplay has become simple. Characters in the game roam in a maze, and also capable of moving right or left, backward or forwards and entering through the doors. Other characters are represented as eyeballs.They are able to shoot each other, when a character sees another character. By shooting other players, the main player will get the points for, and if he is fling he will be lost in the game. Occasionally, a duck also appears in the passage in some versions. At that time, this is a great standard for network games.Maze war game.Wolfenstein 3DWolfenstein 3D Rise in popularity 1992 1995Generally, video game named Wolfenstein 3D is regarded as popular first-person shooter genre on the PC. Also, created the basic archetype which is subsequent games of same genre. It was published by Apogee Software and created by id Software. It was inspired by the 1980s Muse Software computer games Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein and released on May 5, 1992.The protagonist who is an American soldier, William B.J. in Wolfenstein 3D. While escaping from the Nazi stronghold of Castle Wolfenstein, Blazkowicz comes across many armed guards and attack dogs. The building consists of many hidden rooms with various food supplies, treasures, and medical kits, also three different guns and ammunition.GAME CHARACTER OF Blazkowicz in Wolfenstein 3DDetails of the characterHeight 6 ft, 4Weight 210 lbs, Pros Killed Hitler, Deployed at least 14 times Super Muscular When hes not busy killing Na zis he goes kill more Nazis, His grandson is Commander Keen, Can heal himself by eating a Hot MealGAME PLAY of Wolfenstein 3DEach chronological sequence has ten missions (levels) which are supposed to be completed level wise. Entrance to the tenth which is a secret one can be found in the eighth level. However, we are supposed to complete only nine levels. The third episode which is a secret level can be identified in which one of the original Pac-Man levels, complete with ghosts, seen by the player from Pac-Mans perspective was recreated. ExMx map/level naming convention was first used in Wolfenstein 3D.In order to complete the episode, all the bosses need to be killed in each level. Boss enemies are drawn from one angle instead of eight unlike conventionalism enemies. So the player cannot take them by surprise or sneak up on them. Also, they always face the player, in the first encounter. Until they see the player, bosses will not become active. A death cam (which is a replay of death) will be shown after the death of every boss.The early concept of the game include some innovative stealth concepts dragging dead bodies, swapping uniforms with fallen guards, silent attacks, etc., like in the earlier Wolfenstein games, which focused more on stealth than action. These ideas were dropped however, since they drastically slowed the game down and made the controls complicated.In game screen shot of wolfenstein 3dIn game screen shot of wolfenstein 3dHaloHistory of anchor ringNothing says that you are a saint like having a bright halo over your head. The bright circle located at summit of the savior and the noodle of Catholic saints. Most of them lived nothing like is one of the most iconic symbols in Christendom. That is the reason it could come as an astounding thing to learn many other icons related to Christendom. Halo was actually stolen from pagans and other religions. In ancient drawings in deities from Indian, Greek and Roman culture, a nebulous aureole of luminosity was discovered on cave paintings.In ancient times, kings used to like to be portrayed with celestial crowns. The sole purpose is to establish special relationship with their particular gods who lives somewhere up in the sky.Halo is a video game franchise related to science fiction published by Microsoft Game Studios and created by Bungie. Main trilogy of the game centers experiences the Master Chief, an enhanced human super-soldier, and AI companion.The trilogy of video games was praised as being among the best first-person shooters on video game console. It is also considered as the Microsoft Xboxs killer app. It leads to the term Halo killer.As a developer Ensemble Studios last project, Halo games was launched into other video game genres, including Halo Wars which is a real-time strategy game. For the expansion of Halo 3 ODST and a prequel Halo Reach, even the Bungie also contributed.Concept arts of Halo game.Screen shots of game haloHALFLIFE2Half-Life 2 is a scienc e fiction FP shooter game and sequel to the highly acclaimed Half-Life. It was developed by Valve Corporation and was released on Nov 16th 2004. The game uses the Source game engine, which includes a heavily modified version of the Havok physics engine. It is also known as the first video game to require online harvest activation. Later it was ported to Xbox and Mac OS X. It is a part of Orange Box compilation for PS 3 video game consoles and Xbox 360.Half-Life 2 takes place in a dystopian world in which the events of Half-Life have fully come to bear on human society, which has been enslaved by a three-dimensional empire known as the Combine.Gameplay of Half conduct 2Half-Life 2 is a FP shooter, following relative mechanics from its predecessor, Half-Life. At the bottom of the screen we can see the players health, energy, and ammunition status. Also, we can view the available weapons while toggling between screens. By picking up medical supplies and energy cells, the player can replenish his health and energy. Throughout the game we can see the puzzles and sequences involving vehicles.The player defeats his enemies with varied assortment of hand weapons. The modern-day projectile weapons like shotgun, pistol, submachine gun etc, are used. Also, more elaborate, fictional weapons like crossbow (shoots hot metal rods), a pulse rifle (disintegrate enemies on contact) are available.Some screen shots and game views of Half life 2ConclusionFirst person shooters are new phase in gaming world. With their advanced technology and sophisticated environment, FP Shooters gives a player thrilling experience. In every aspect it offers a great excitement with fast pace while playing. They give you the complete freedom to configure everything just the way you want it.

Arlo Smart Home Security Camera Review

Arlo Smart Home Security Camera ReviewIt is now even easier to inclose home surveillance organisations oddly with the proliferation of Wi-Fi television cameras. The main issue with these cameras is that they require Ac power source meaning they can only be utilise indoors. This problem has been overcome by the initiation of Arlo security system from Netgear. It is designed to overcome the limitation by using battery-powered cameras that are linked to the base station via a Wi-Fi network. They offer genuinely lemonlike video output and are very easy to stash away, they however dont offer audio to conserve the power, neither can you pan and zoom.ProsCompletely radio receiverSmall size camera designEasy to installExcellent quality color and night vision videoFree cloud memoryWeatherproofEasy to habit appsCustomization notificationConsLacks audio saveNo dynamic zoom, tilt and pan functionsNight vision has no colorCameras secured on mount by magnets hence easy to stealWhen you exceed 5 cameras, you waste to pay a monthly cloud storage fees of $9.99Free recording is only for 7 daysIn high temperatures, the battery level indicator may wrongly how low batteryUnboxingWhen you receive your brand forward-looking Arlo security system, the first thing is to hurriedly unbox it. It is however advised that you carefully and systematically take the contents apart in preparation to install in order to avoid any damage to the cameras or base station. If you are not confident enough to open the box, consider watching a video that shows how to unbox the package as carefully as possible. They will also guide you on how to install and setup the entire system without a glitch juts like an expert.Contents of the boxUS power plug with both EU and UK adapterEthernet cableWall plugs8 lithium 123batteries4 wall mountsThe base station for the cameras2 wireless cameras with a standard camera mount, an alternative to the magnetic mount.Design / HighlightsThe Arlo Smart home secur ity camera review has a wonderful design. The package includes two cameras, the base station, Ethernet cable and 8 lithium batteries, four for each camera. It is possible to purchase a unmarried camera set for $199.99 and get concomitantal cameras at $159.99 each and ad them to the base station.It is equipped with 4 semi-round metallic mounting accessories that can be given over to the wall with the provided screws and dry wall anchors. The cameras have powerful magnets at the back of the housing for attaching them to the mounting devices without needing any screws or any hardware. Any flat arise or the refrigerator can serve as a mounting point for the camera.Both the cameras and the base station housing are done in a glossy white finish making them very beautiful. The cameras are 2.5 x1.6 x 2.8 inches and weighs 4 ounces. They are IP65 waterproof rated meaning they can be used outdoors in the rain and can manage temperatures from 14 to 122 degrees F to withstand the most extre me outdoors weather conditions.Technical FeaturesImportant featuresWi-Fi talkThe cameras communicates with the base station via a Wi-Fi network with a maximum range of 300 feet. Walls and other structures are known to diminish this distance.Base station meter 6.5 x 8.5 x 2.3 inches, the white base station has a LAN port, 2 USB ports, a power button, 5 LED status indicators, power doodly-squat at the back and reset switch. Its smart home and USB indicators are reserved for use in the future to manage your home mat features in addition to the surveillance cameras.AppsThe Arlo app for iOS and Android and a web portal to allow logging in and managing your cameras from your browser anyplace you are. The opened app presents you with a split screen showing each camera and the last image captured. Each screen shows the camera name, date and time and its battery level. It also shows the motion sleuthing icon and Wi-Fi indicator. You have to pres the play button for it to record live, thi s will continue till you leave the app. This video on demand feature helps a lot in bringing the battery and bandwidth.When you click on the library you will have access to all the stored video and snapshots from where you can favourite, netmail, download to your device or delete.Motion detection sensibilityThis system allows you to tune the sensitivity of the cameras motion detection. You can set the dates and time when it is enabled and disabled and also set the video quality.Performance review pan out and zoom are completely digital to save power. They must be reset in the settings so no dynamic pan, tilt and zoom.The cameras each use 4 CR123 batteries that can last up to 6 months when used optimally.The motion detection function can be configured to send push and email alerts.The cameras have a maximum resolution of 1280 x 720 and a 130 degree field of view. The 12 infrared LEDs provides up to 25 feet of night vision.It delivers sharp colored 720p videos during the day and ex cellent black and white video using the night vision at night though from 20 feet, the details becomes muddy. It has a couple of seconds lag between live action and the app display. The motion detection works perfectly as long as it is set to moderate sensitivity where it ignores slight movements like a moving tree in the wind.Final VerdictThis Arlo Smart Home Security Camera Review shows that the security system provides a lot of flexibility in planning for your home surveillance. You can place the cameras anywhere within the wireless range and monitor your home from anywhere you are. The battery power may be the only major downside since they dont last too long but contribute to the flexibility since you can now install cameras even where there is no power source. It is weatherproof and also saves to the cloud for easy access and to provide additional security for the recordings themselves.

OSI reference model

OSI indite positionHISTORYOSI reference imitate is advanced teaching of net income. As there was a need of common computer simulation of protocol forges, this concept promoted the idea and defined ab extinct interoperability between net performance devices and softw ar. Networking with protocol standards such(prenominal) as SNA and Decnet are completely v annihilateor-developed and proprietary which are former to OSI concept. Industries worked out to sort out such complications, and have introduced a new concept named OSI which is attempting to get every whiz to agree to common mesh standards to provide multi-vendor interoperability. Many devices were unable to communicate with other protocols directly beca utilisation of lack of common protocols. It was common for large net profits to support multiple network suites. Database design and distributed selective informationbase design were the interest of canepas group in the early and middle 70s. It was clear in the mid 70s that standard distributed parleys architecture would be required to support informationbase machines, distributed access, and the like. For development of such standardized database systems fewer of the groups have studied the existing solutions, including IBMs system network architecture (SNA), so the work on protocols is done for ARPANET, and some concepts of presentation service. In spite of these defaults which trine to the development of a septenary tier architecture known intern every(prenominal)y as the distributed systems architecture (DSA) in 1977.Meanwhile, in 1977 International Organization for Standardization has got a proposal that a standard architecture was needed to define the communications infrastructure for distributed processing by British Standards Institute. Thus, subcommittee on Open System inter attachedness was formed by ISO Technical Committee 97, Subcommittee 16. The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) was charged to develop proposals in ad vance of the first meeting of the subcommittee.INTRODUCTION-Although the consequence of OSI can jar againstm boring and academic, actually it is a very engagementful way to learn more about networking. OSI offers a good starting elevation for understanding the differences between repeaters, switches, and routers, for example. The flummox as well can help one better understand network protocols.The main idea in OSI is the process of communication between the end points of a two telecommunication network, this can be divided into degrees, which can be added within its molds of its own set of special, related involvements. The OSI lay (and networking amazes developed by other organizations) attempts to define rules that cover both the generalities and specifics of networks. OSI pattern was not a network standard, but it was apply as guidelines for development of network standards. It was pay back so important that almost all study networks standards in use today conform entirely to its seven grades.The relationship between OSI model and net protocol stack, as it is known that the new technologies and developments are emerged found on networks. These networks comprise of protocols and the entire protocol stack. network protocol stack is based on OSI model. 1OSI MODEL-The modern day networking process is understood by working. OSI model consists of seven layers. They are1. Application Layer (7th Layer)2. Presentation Layer (6th Layer)3. academic session Layer (5th Layer)4. conveyance of title Layer (4th Layer)5. Network Layer (third Layer)6. Data-link Layer (2nd Layer)7. Physical Layer (1st Layer) 2The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. Among, these layer, there are two parts division one is upper layer and the other is pass up layer. Upper layer consist of layer 7, 6 and 5 and the lower layer consist of 4, 3, 2 and 1. Among these two layer upper layer deals with the application issues which are ge nerally are implemented scarce in software product. The software that implements network services like encryption and connection management. When we consider deals with the data jinx issues and the implement more primitive, hardware functions like routing, extensioning and consort fudge. 3Upper layer (Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer)OSI designates the application, presentation, and session stages of the stack as the upper layers. Software in these layers performs application-specific functions like data formatting, encryption, and connection management. For example -HTTP, SSL and NFS get down layer (Transport layer, Network layer, Physical layer.)Lower layers of the OSI model provide more primitive network-specific functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. For example- transmission control protocol, IP, and EthernetApplication Layer Describes how real work actually gets done. Ex this layer would implement file system operations. And in any case it defines port to user processes for communication and data transfer in network. It provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations. provides service directly to the user application. Because of the potentially wide variety of application, this layer provide a wealth of services. Among these services are establishing privacy mechanism, authenticating the intended communication partners, and determining if adequate resources are present. 3Presentation layer Describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex this layer describes how floating point numbers can be interchange between hosts with divers(prenominal) math formats. Mask the difference of data formats between unlike systems. Specifies architecture independent data transfer format. It encodes data like encrypts and decrypts data, compresses and decompresses data. performs data transformation to provide a common interface for user application, including services such as reforma tting data compression, and encryption.3Session layer In general, describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. Ex this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call. It mange user session and dialogues. And also controls establishment and termination of logic between users. Reports upper layer shifts. establishes, manages and end user connection and manages the interaction between end systems. Services includes such thing as establishing communication as full or half convert and grouping data3Transport Layer-In general, describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex this layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery. Manage end-to-end message delivery in network. Provides authoritative and sequential packet delivery through with(predicate) actus reus recovery and flow control mechanisms. Provides connectionless orient packet delivery insulates the three upper layer, 5 through 7, from having deal with the complexities of layer 1 through 3by providing the function necessary to vouch a reliable network link. Among other function, this layer provides error recovery and flow control between the two end points of the network connections.3Network layer -In general, describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet. Network layer function determines how data are transferred between network devices. Routes packets according to unique network device addresses. It provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion. Establishes, maintains and terminates network connection . Among other functions, standard define how data routing and relaying are handled3Data link layer In general, describes the licit organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Ex this layer d efines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets. Defines procedures for operating the communication links and frames packets. And also detects and corrects packets transmit errors. ensures the reliableness of the fleshly link established at layer 1 . standard defines how data frames are recognized and provide necessary flow control and error handling at the frame level.3Physical layer In general, describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the galvanic properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method. Physical later defines physical means of confideing data network devices and defines optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics and interfaces between network medium and devices. controls transmission of the raw bit stream over transmission medium. Standard for this layer define such tilt as t he amount of signal voltage swings, the duration of voltage and so on.3INFLUENCEThe protocol stack or Internet protocol stack also show influence of the OSI model most of the terminology is same, and most of the books present an Internet protocol stack that uses OSI terminology and that includes physical and data link layer. that in 1981 article by john postal, Carl Sunshine and Danny Cohen there is a diagram showing the Internet protocol functioning on top of one of the several Network protocol and it describe such network protocol as being the packet transmission protocol in each several(prenominal) network. In a article 1983 by Vinton Cerf- often convictions referred to as one of the founding father of the internet and Edward Cain that the layer that IP function is called Internetwork layer and the layer under that is Network layer. We can universally that the layer at which IP function is called the Network Layer and the important layer was called Network layer is usually o mitted. 4transmission control protocol/IP TCP/IP was originally developed as a research experiment. It has become the back trick up of thr information superhighway. It provides users with the back bone services used to carry popular services such as the World Wide Wed (www), E-Mail and other. In late 70s as a US Government Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) research development project, the ARPANET. This has grown to provide connection to system world wide, helping require the information age into reality.TCP/IP is not really a protocol, but a set of protocols a protocol stack, as it is most ordinarily called. Its name, for example, already refers to two different protocols, TCP (Transmission Control protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). There are several other protocols related to TCP/IP like FTP, HTTP, SMTP and UDP retributory to name a few.The TCP/IP suite can be understood as a set of discrete component with a layered architecture. The transport layer and below of the TCP/IP suite can be viewed in the figure. The link covers the internetwork and transport protocols. The delivery of packets between the adjacent nodes in an internetwork id provided bye the link protocols. This link delivery only implies that delivered information is intact. Internetwork layer is responsible for addressing and routing of packets between source and destination nodes within the network. At the final the transport layer provides full service to transfer information between them.5Application layer Application layer is the communication between programs and transport protocol. Several different protocols works on the Application layer. The old(prenominal) protocols HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS and Telnet. Application layer commucate through Transport layer that to through a port. Ports are numbered and standard applications always use the same port. For example , SMTP protocol always use port 25, and HTTP protocol always use port 89 and FTP protocol always use ports 20 fo r data transmission and 21 for control.6Transport layer-The layers gets data from the Application layer and divide into several data packets. It is the most uses TCP. After receiving data TCP protocol gets the packets which sent by the Internet layer and make the in an order, because arrives at the destiny in out of order. Transport layer also check if the content of the received packet are intact and reply by giving acknowledge signal to the transmitter , allowing it to know that the packet arrived in an order at the destiny. If there are no acknowledge signal is received it re send the lost packet.6Internet layer IP address is the unique virtual identity on TCP/IP network of each computer. It as charge of adding a header to the data packets received from the Transport layer. Where other control data will, it will add source IP address and target IP address. the physical address assigned to the network mental capacity of each computer. This address is written on the network card R O and is call MAC address. Let us suppose A computer want send a data to B computer so the A want to know the B MAC address but in small topical anesthetic area network computer can easily discover each other MAC address, this is an easy task. If there is no any virtual addressing were used we must to know the MAC address of the destination computer, which is not only a hard task but also does not help out packet routing, because it does not use a tree like structure.6Network Interface Layer-The next is the network interface layer, the datagram generated on the upper layer will be sent to the network interface layer if we are sending data, or the Network Interface layer will get data from the network and send it to the Internet layer, if we are receiving data. The Network Interface Layer breaks down the packets from the Internet Layer into frames and then eventually into bits for transmission across the physical network medium. Signalling and network medium standards such as Ethern et, Token Ring, FDDI, X .25, Frame Relay, RS-232, and v.35 are defined in this layer. Network Interface Controller (NIC) Cards, network hubs, repeaters, bridges, and switches operate at this level.6TCP/IP and OSI MODEL-TCP/IP is defined in term of the protocols that constitute it. Most of the critical protocols functions are their lower layer of the OSI Reference MODEL that are layer 2, 3 and 4 which correspond to the network interface that is internet and transport layer in the TCP/IP model. Which includes all important IP at layer 3 and TCP at layer 4 which combine to give TCP/IP the name to it. TCP contains four subsections. The first description are thetwo TCP/IP protocols that reside at the network layer, layer 2 of the OSI model PPP and SLIP. And the second details a couple of special protocol that reside between layer 2 and 3 ARP and RARP. The third covers the TCP/IP internet layer (i.e) OSI network layer and layer 3 including IP and several other related and support protocol . At the final the fourth describes the TCP/IP transports layer protocols TCP and UDP.7The lower layer of the OSI model is the physical layer which responsible for the transmitting information from one place to another on a network. The layer just above the physical layer is the data link layer and in TCP/IP its call has Network interface layer. Its main job is to implement network at local level and interface between the hardware oriented physical layer, and the ore abstract, software oriented function of the network layer and the above it.8Effects of Internet-As a consequence of the development of internet, the internet protocol best effort delivery. But it is considered to be unreliable when it is talked about its service. In other network architectural language it is called as connection-less protocol. Thus it has its contrast implications to so called connecting modes of transmission. This lack of reliability causes many effects. The major problems raised areData corruptionLos t data packetsDuplicate arrivalOut-of-order packet deliveryComing to the effects based on IPv4 and IPv6, they are as follows.IETF declared that IPv4 will not be able to accommodate the need for ever increasing amount of IP addresses in the next few years. The increase and expansion of IP addresses are needed to accommodate following. They are used for proliferation of internet devices such as personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), receiving set devices, and new Internet appliances the expansion of internet through the world the increasing applications of internet access requirements of emerging internet applications. Thus decrease in practise of IPv4 effects all the above mentioned utilizes. The solution for this problem is found from development of IPv6 which enables a mass market and the increased adoption of the internet.IPv4 was in existence and effectively working from almost 20 years. But now all of its approximately four billion of address seems to be gett ing finished. Because with the tremendous growth of the internet devices and blocks of the ip addresses assigned to various organizations and countries. This fast growth in the number of devices e.g. Mobiles, computers, music players, etc. it looked as if IPv4 addresses would be exhausted in near future. In order to overcome this problem and increasing life for IPv4 certain measures have been interpreted e.g. network address translation (NAT), classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) and PPP/DHCP. But all of these solutions are temporary and they made networks more complex and difficult for one to understand and implement.Internet Stack ModelThe Internet Stack Model employs a Internet Protocol Stack or Suite both these words are used interchangeably. This can be defined as the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. As discussed earlier Protocol is a set of rules in a network. The names of the two protocols which employed the Internet Stack Mod el are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were also the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a computer networking protocol suit. In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections media, transport, and applications. A particular operating system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications.Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted.1Difference between OSI and TCP/IP-OSI model is the standard reference model that describes how the protocols should interact with one another. This was invented by the Department of Defense.TCP/IP does map cl early into OSI model, but is so convenient to think in terms of the OSI model when explaining protocols.The major differences are-The application layer in TCP/IP handles the responsibilities of layers 5, 6 and 7 in the OSI model.The transport layer in TCP/IP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets at the transport layer, while the OSI model does. TCP/IP also offers an option called UDP that does not guarantee reliable packet delivery. 9TCP/IP appears to be a more simpler model and this is mainly collectable to the fact that it has fewer layersTCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model- This is mainly collectible to the fact because TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet was developed therefore it mainly gains creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast networks are not usually built around the OSI model as it is merely used as a counselor-at-law toolThe OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP only has 4 layers.Disadvantages of OSI modelMajor wrongs of OSI model are gravid timingBad technologyBad implementationsBad Timing Presently it appears that standard OSI protocols got crushed. It was completed too late, TCP/IP had already taken hold and become the familiar standard for research universities by the time the OSI Model was readyBad Technology-Both the models and protocols are flawed. As mentioned about the layers, cause major disadvantage of this model. Working on OSI model which is associated with several definitions and protocols is extraordinarily complex. The reappearance of functions in each layer also cause problem. Some of those functions are addressing, flow control, and error control. Certain important features are placed in every layer. Some times the decisions taken for placing these features are not obvious. In the past the presentation layer had virtual terminal handling which is presently used in application layer. Data security, encryption and network management were also omitted. The criticism given by world is that communication mentality is increasing rapidly.Bad Implementations Initial implementations made by people were huge ,unwieldy and slow Because of the complexity of the model, the initial implementations were huge, unwieldy, and slow. As time is passing the product got betterments, but bad image stuck. 10everyone who tried to implement it got burned, giving OSI a reputation for poor qualityDisadvantages of TCP/IP modelWhen TCP/IP is compared with IPX there are few drawbacks.IPX is faster compared to TCP/IP.TCP/IP is intricate to set up and manage.The overhead of TCP/IP is higher than that of IPX.The process involved in TCP/IP is long. The entire process is, port numbers are assigned by the Internet depute Numbers Authority (IANA), and they identify the process to which a particular packet is connected to. Port numbers are found in the packet header. 11. fewer more disadvantages of this model are software used for strict layering is very inefficient. When buffers are provided they leave space for headers which are added by lower layer protocols. 12 trade protection-Internet has become a phenomenon. Sharing Files, transferring Files all across the network has caused the users to think about some serious problems that are being raised due to the phenomenon of Internet. Security is another issue that sits at the top of the level as designers and developers both struggle to give out the correct form of measures to be taken to deal with the issue of Network Security. Since the Protocol Stack has got just one layer to really check the authenticity of the packets that pass through the layers and the network. It has allowed the network to become more susceptible to foreign threats. Since, Computers that are connected to each other create a network. These networks are often configured with public Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that is, the devices on the network are visible to devices outside the network. Network s can also be configured as private meaning that devices outside the network cannot see or communicate directly to them.Computers on a public network have the advantage (and disadvantage) that they are completely visible to the Internet. As such, they have no boundaries between themselves and the rest of the Internet community. This advantage oftentimes becomes a distinct disadvantage since this visibility can lead to a computer vulnerability transaction -e.g. Hacking if the devices on the public network are not properly secured.To plainly counter this strategy the, we employ a private LAN and make the network a private network then the disadvantage of a private network would be that it entails more configuration and administration to maintain usability. At times, not being fully visible on the Internet can cause some difficulty in connecting to certain services, such as streaming audio frequency/video, chat/instant messaging programs, or some secure Web sites.Maintaining most c omputers on a private network, with only an IDP/IDS and/or Firewall visible to the public Internet helps maintain a highly secure environment for the computers on the private network, while at the same time keeping them connected to the public Internet.13Benefits of OSI model-The OSI Model is a standard and a very useful tool to deal with the problems of networking. The OSI model is also a standard model for networking protocols and distributed application. In the OSI model there are a total of 7 network layers. The layers of OSI provide the levels of abstraction. Each layer performs a different set of functions and the design was to make each layer as independent as possible from all the others. This guarantees the security to each packet that passes through these layers also, it surmounts the complexity of packet routing through each layer thus reducing the threat of congestion in the network.Each layer uses the information from the below layer and provides a service to the laye r above in the OSI Model. 14ConclusionEven though OSI model has a few limitations it cannot be said that the model is not suitable anymore because public lecture about the time and the influence of the OSI model on the networking as whole has had a lot of positive causes. Even if we have many new models feeler up with different improvements the base model is always the OSI model. What we can take out of the OSI model are mainly the benefits of the OSI model and which even are the major characteristics needed for creating a good model. The OSI Model is perhaps the most imp lest and widely used through the world. Owing to the advantages of this network we are able to reduce the complexity and save time when passing data on a network.Reference-1) John Larmouth (1996) Understanding OSI International Thomson Computer Press, Michigan. USA2) Computer networks 3rd edition by ANDREW S. TANENBAUM3) Standard network layer architecture, By Bradley Mitchell http//compnetworking.about.com/cs/de signosimodel/a/osimodel.htm4)http//www2.rad.com/networks/introductory/layers/main.htm5) By Douglas Comers http//www.cellsoft.de/telecom/tcpip.htm6) Author Gabriel Torres http//www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/433/1,2,3,4,5,67) Charles M. Kozierok.http//www.tcpipguide.com/ vindicate/t_TCPIPLowerLayerInterfaceInternetandTransportProtoc.htm8) Charles M. Kozierokhttp//www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerTechnologiesandProtocols.htmhttp//itprofesionals.blogspot.com/2009/01/what-is-difference-between-osi-model.html10) Computer Networks Fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum11)www.tech-faq.com/understanding-the-osi-model.shtmlwww.bookrags.com/wiki/OSI_model13) Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan (2004). Data Communications and Networking, McGraw-Hill Professional, USA.14) http//compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.htm

Modern Art Essay -- Comparative, Mondrian, Pollock

Piet Mondrian and Jackson pollock are both regarded as organism major influences within the move ment of modern art. During the peak of their careers their artwork took on very different calls. Mondrian was born in 1872, he was a Dutch artist, is splendidly known for his precise, systematic style of painting. He is renowned for the grid-based paintings that he produced in the early 1920s during his time in Paris (wilder, 2007 p.318). Jackson Pollocks work was grotesque and spontaneous, this is particularly noticeable in the late 1940s when he produced an start of deeds using a drip painting technique (ref). notwithstanding the works of Mondrian and Pollock being at opposite ends of the scale when it came to style and imagery, is it manageable their influences and views were in fact quite similar?Along with their style of painting, the personalities of the two men were to match. Piet Mondrian enjoyed a modest lifestyle and didnt experience a Brobdingnagian amount of fame unti l the late 1950s after his death, and his work was mainly supported by the occasional magazine article and art exhibition (Blotcamp, 2001 p.9). In comparability Pollock was considered the James Dean of the artistic world, he was notorious for having a wild, refractory nature, often drinking to suppress his emotions or insecurities (Landau, 2005 p.18). Unlike Mondrian he attracted a lot of attention within his lifetime, and enjoyed the fame and appreciation his work was bringing. His partner Lee Krasner, Whom he married in 1946, was a determined, levelheaded young artist, and was believed to be a strong influence towards the recognition of his work (Karmel and Varnedoe, 1999 p.25). It could be perhaps said withdraw the support of a strong woman is incredibly influential to an artist, espec... ...(ref), trainers and cars to pertain a few. Like wise Pollocks work has been used in the design of fashion, and many people have attempted to recreate his work, because the style of it was so unusual, Pollock was aware the technique of dripping paint wasnt a completely new idea (ref) but he was the person who do it commercially famous within the and art world, hence his fame and notoriety. Despite their mistakes and fails they strived to express themselves. Pollock openly said he doesnt make accidents, he denies the accident, and Mondrian mat his failures were valuable to his success, he never made mistakes everything was a contribution to his work (Riley, 1997 P.9). Despite their ups and downs the two iconic pieces created by Mondrian and Pollock, Composition in red raw and blue and number 8 represents the style they are renowned for and their personalities. Modern artistry Essay -- Comparative, Mondrian, PollockPiet Mondrian and Jackson Pollock are both regarded as being major influences within the movement of modern art. During the peak of their careers their artwork took on very different styles. Mondrian was born in 1872, he was a Dutch artis t, is famously known for his precise, systematic style of painting. He is renowned for the grid-based paintings that he produced in the early 1920s during his time in Paris (wilder, 2007 p.318). Jackson Pollocks work was erratic and spontaneous, this is particularly noticeable in the late 1940s when he produced an array of works using a drip painting technique (ref). Despite the works of Mondrian and Pollock being at opposite ends of the scale when it came to style and imagery, is it possible their influences and views were in fact quite similar?Along with their style of painting, the personalities of the two men were to match. Piet Mondrian enjoyed a modest lifestyle and didnt experience a huge amount of fame until the late 1950s after his death, and his work was mainly supported by the occasional magazine article and art exhibition (Blotcamp, 2001 p.9). In comparison Pollock was considered the James Dean of the artistic world, he was notorious for having a wild, rebellious nature, often drinking to suppress his emotions or insecurities (Landau, 2005 p.18). Unlike Mondrian he attracted a lot of attention within his lifetime, and enjoyed the fame and appreciation his work was bringing. His partner Lee Krasner, Whom he married in 1946, was a determined, levelheaded young artist, and was believed to be a strong influence towards the recognition of his work (Karmel and Varnedoe, 1999 p.25). It could be perhaps said have the support of a strong woman is incredibly influential to an artist, espec... ...(ref), trainers and cars to name a few. Like wise Pollocks work has been used in the design of fashion, and many people have attempted to recreate his work, because the style of it was so unusual, Pollock was aware the technique of dripping paint wasnt a completely new idea (ref) but he was the person who made it commercially famous within the and art world, hence his fame and notoriety. Despite their mistakes and fails they strived to express themselves. Pollock op enly said he doesnt make accidents, he denies the accident, and Mondrian felt his failures were valuable to his success, he never made mistakes everything was a contribution to his work (Riley, 1997 P.9). Despite their ups and downs the two iconic pieces created by Mondrian and Pollock, Composition in red black and blue and number 8 represents the style they are renowned for and their personalities.