HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials: The Standard of Care Debate Essay

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus infecting approximately 35.3 million people worldwide that leads to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 selectively infects certain host immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in the continual depletion of the host immune system (Global Report, 2013). More specifically, HIV-1 prevalence is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries worldwide. In recent years, there has been much effort devoted to developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1. The vaccine clinical trials are typically held in these developing countries where HIV-1 prevalence is highest. The dilemma that continues to plague vaccine trials in developing countries pertains to the standard of care that should be provided to the participants who inevitably become infected with HIV-1 during the trial (Bloom, 1998). This standard of care debate revolved around top ics such as what type of treatment should be provided to the participants, how long should the treatment continue, will treatment continue after the trial has concluded, who has the obligation to ensure the standard of care protocols are enforced, what are the repercussions in failing to do so, and most importantly, who is paying for all of this (Berkley, 2003). The Declaration of Helsinki clearly endorses the view that all trial participants are entitled to the worldwide best standard of care (Lie et al, 2004). Unfortunately, efforts to devise an accepted standard of care have continued without success since the 1990s (Berkley, 2003). The root of the problem revolves around the expenses associated with treatment. This is an especially difficult ... ... 7. Lie RK, Emanuel E, Grady C, Wendler D. (2004). The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion. J Med Ethics 30: 190-3. 8. Macklin R. (2008). Standard of care: an evolution in ethical thinking. The Lancet 372(9635): 284-5. 9. Scott BR, Tsevat J. (2006). Is antiretroviral therapy cost-effective in South American? PLoS Medicine 3(1): 14. 10. Shapiro K, Benatar SR. (2005). HIV prevention research and global inequality: steps towards improved standards of care. Journal of Medical Ethics 31: 39. 11. Specter, M. (2003). The vaccine. The New Yorker 78(45): 56. 12. The Kaiser Family Foundation. Health expenditure per capita (PPP; $US). 2002. 2007. 13. UNAIDS/WHO, 2007 WHO/UNAIDS. Ethical considerations in biomedical HIV prevention trials: guidance document. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

Puritanism in The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller Essay exam

     Ã‚   In today's society, it is infrequent that you turn on the television and are not bombarded with images of sex, violence, or other content that the Puritans would have viewed as being the work of Old Deluder (the name given to Satan in the time period). Yes, it is true; the society in which we dwell in today is no more remarkable than that of barbaric times. The only difference might be that we no longer kill out of primal instinct; we do it out of fear, or malice, or patriotism, or even pleasure. Thus, we are faced with the question of whether or not today's society would experience benefits if a conversion to Puritanism was made or drown in its waters. Because Puritanism conformed to such austere guidelines and beliefs that almost completely obliterated the individual's role in the social unit and because the foundation of the religion is to essentially "kill" freedom and liberty in order to create a social purity that is virtually impossible for humans to achi eve, I believe that Puritanism would only add to the degradation of society today. The books The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller exemplify this theory. Puritanism's ultimate goal was to essentially establish a religiously pure and socialistic community in which everyone would work for the good of one another. However, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter contradicts the belief that a society of this sort can ever exist. Rather, he theorizes that the suppression of this sinful behavior only leads to personal agony and social isolation. Hester, for example, who committed the sin of adultery, which society today frowns upon but does not punish for, became alienated enduring "three hours on the platform pillory, and then and thereafter, for... ...the realities of the "exemplary religion" known as Puritanism. It conflicts with both the natural rights of man in his existence (as the French philosophe Locke reasoned) and virtually denies men of his freedoms stated in the Constitution of the United States. Puritanism undermines the role of an individual in society and suppresses intellectuality. Puritanism destroys more than just ideas; it destroys people.    Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Maypole of Merry Mount". (1836). Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. (1850) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1994. James, Henry. Daisy Miller. (1878) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995. Melville, Herman. Bartleby. (1856) New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. Updike, John. "A&P". Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999.

Canadian History: 1920’s

The 1920’s were known as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† because industries shifted to peace time production and experienced an economic boom. The people that experienced the â€Å"good times† in the 1920’s were predominantly the white males. But other groups weren’t so lucky. There where many issues in this era but the main ones were the injustice and inequality of women, Native People and children. During the 1920’s the Native People were treated unequally and with out justice, due to government policies and practices of assimilation, residential schools and denial of self government. The culture of Canada’s Native People was being cut away by the social policy. The Native People ceremonies had been banned and the children had been taken away to government run schools. These schools tried to assimilate the children by putting a taboo on Native teachings and traditions. The Federal government limited their freedom. Chief Deskadeh of the Six Nations took his case to the new international peacekeeping body – the League of Nations (now UN). â€Å"Although embarrassed by the international attention Ottawa refused to give into. (Hundey) Other Native leaders fought for their rights such as right to vote from the government reservation lands. Many rights were lost due to the stubborn government, but they still continued to fight for their freedom. It was difficult for women in the 1920’s to receive equal treatment, since women were still considered inferior to men. Although women won political rights they were still not recognized by the representati ve government as persons under the law. For example, women could not hold a seat under the Canadian Senate. Some laws changed but the attitude towards women’s roles stayed the same. Women were kept back in school, work and politics. It was the same with young girls. Girls did not stay in school as long as boys did. All they learned was about mothering and nursing. Soon more women started going to university despite the fact that most were held back. â€Å"From 1891 to 1930 the percentage of undergraduates that were female grew 11. 9%. † (Hundey). Although the acceptance of women was rising and more women were going to school, society still saw women only as caregivers and mothers. The exploitation of children was a key issue in the 1920’s and was left unresolved for another few decades. Laws allowing child labour passed in the late 19th century were the reason why child labour was widely accepted. Many children tried to stay in school but most left at the age of sixteen to join the workforce. Many farming and fishing families relied on children to help out with the businesses. In the 1920’s home children were often exploited. Home children – â€Å"British orphans or members of poor families who were sent to Canada to start a new life. (Hudey) Many of them were overworked and neglected, but this inhuman scheme stopped at the start of The Great Depression. In 1929 children under the age of fourteen were prohibited from working in factories and mines. Children were one of many groups that were exploited and used in the 1920’s. Although this practice ended in Canada, some countries in the world still use children as cheap labour. Many groups were not socially accepted by the people experiencing the â€Å"good times†. Native people, children and women were just a few of many others. Natives were not considered equal to the rest of society in the 1920’s and were racially separated through schools and reserves. Women won rights in the 1920’s but still weren’t considered persons by society and struggled to receive equality. Many children were exploited in the 1920’s as cheap labour, but that ended with the decade. Humans are humans and should be treated no differently than others. Humans are all equal and should not be discriminated.

Does It Affect Culture as Much as Culture Affects It?

Semiotics in Fashion Photography: Does it affect culture as much as culture affects it? Introduction Fashion Photography has taken quite the belittling from the conventional world of photography. Where other forms of photography ‘naturally capture beauty, fashion photography is have said to be too meticulous in ‘setting up' the photograph.. Brooked states that, â€Å"fashion advertising, in particular, is seen as negating the purity of the bibliographic image. We see the typical [in fashion photography] instead of the unique moment or event. †Despite such an outlook on fashion photography, it has received thorough analysis and academic attention from the likes of Breathes, Wilson, Anderson, Brooked and Kumara. Breathes has taken fashion photography and placed it within a seismological framework, where he applies the semiotics into fashion photography as a meaner of communication through the signs and symbols for any photographs. Culture revolves around fashion phot ography. Or is it the other way round? It has become apparent that semiotics is greatly relevant to fashion photography, and assign is an excellent example off ‘identity-image producing media'.Fashion is an incredibly distinct language itself, and â€Å"emblematic the essence of its social context†. With that, is culture affected, or is the fashion photography affected by culture? With this essay I will be investigating the idea of whether culture is affected by fashion photography, or does fashion photography dictate our culture. Enquiry Outcomes I will be exploring the world of semiotics and how relevant it is to fashion photography and using it to solve the question of; whether fashion photography allow culture or dictates it.We take it for granted that fashion photography is something we pass by everyday, something that we do not pay very much attention to detail in our everyday lives and we don't know how much it really affects our culture to a certain degree. With this essay I will propose the idea of culture either being the one affected and dictated by fashion photography or the vice versa. Feasibility of proposed enquiry Fashion is constantly everywhere around us, and I will take advantage of the fact that I live in a world surrounded by fashion.For my research I will be gathering large amounts of my facts and data from online sources, Journals and e-books, and if possible from books, and my own observational analysis from fashion magazines and opinions of audiences. My aim for this essay is to analyses and conceptualize the semiotics in fashion photography, coming to the conclusion of how much it affects society and culture. With my own analysis of fashion photography I will come to the conclusion of either end of the spectrum. Relevance of enquiry to personal practiceThrough the research that I acquire and what I learn, I think it is important to broaden my aspects of skill to other industries. The fashion industry is not too far from t he design, and I think as being one of the most ‘communicative languages' through visual meaner, fashion is an important step to understanding wholly of what makes the world tick through visuals. As an inspiring designer and photographer, I would like to use this practice to benefit me in constructing my own meanings in works and to conceptualize them on my own in the future. Bibliography 1 . Jacobsen, M. 008) Semiotics, Fashion and Cognition. Unknown. A paper that concentrates on â€Å"Rolando Breathes early cosmologically inspired theory of fashion and discusses how this theory can be revised to fit later cognitive theories of language and semiotics. † Has a considerate large amount of relevant information pertaining to my essay. 2. Breathes, R. (2006). The Language of Fashion. Oxford: Berg Publishers. The original source of placing fashion photography into a semiotic framework, I will base most of my essay towards Breathes theories of semiotics in fashion. 3. Rhodes, A & Galoot, R.A semiotic analysis of high fashion advertising. Http:// www. Garrotes. Com/Semiotics andafashionF Though I will be focusing more of fashion photography, advertising does play a great role, and fashion photography is basically the significant part of fahsfashionertising. Through this source it concentrates more on a fashion advertising aspect and describes the art of it. 4. httpHttpews. mongMonogamym/Com5/0507chicaTinaler. htmlHTMLs is a paper done by Tina Butler on BartBreathesshion Photography as semiotics: BartBreathes the limitations of classification.Here Butler describes the details of semiotics, how they work in fashion photography and analyzes BartBreathesory in such a framework. 5. Stone, R. A Semiotic Analysis of Four Designer Clothing Advertisements http:// www. aberBaber. AC/mUKia/SstuStudents9robbersmlHTMLpite this source focusing more on an advertising aspect rather than photography, ultimately those two will always go together. Through a more thorough a nd focused analysis of brands, ads and the semiotics they present I can further contconceptualizehion photography in a semiotic framework.

Auditing and Assurance Services Identification

The obligation of duty of care varies with the each case scenario as the severity of duty enhances the extent of responsibility. A greater duty of care will arise when it relates to the matters which are presumed to be in the knowledge of professional accountant or where fees are charged (Gay and Simnett, 2010).   A Professional accountant may accept a commission from the third party in connection with the sale of goods and services to a client. In the present case, Peter Harmon, professional accountant advises its clients to purchase computer services from Bunker L Ltd. In consideration Bunker, L Ltd has promised to pay 10% commission. Peter Harmon hasn’t violated Accounting code of ethics. According to Section 120 of APES Code of ethics for professional accountant’s states that a Member in practice may accept referral fees related to the client but only in certain situations (Mironiuc, Robu and Robu, 2012). This acceptance of commission or referral fee creates a self-interest threat objectivity, professional competence and due care but accountant has to disclose the clients about the arrangement in connection with the sale by the third party to its client. Here the accountant has to disclose about the arrangements in relation to the commission to the clients to safeguard the threat relating to self-interest. In this situation, there can be a breach of the principle of objectivity and Professional Competence and Due Care. According to Section 140 of APES Code of ethics for professional accountant’s imposes an obligation on all members to refrain from: In the above case, David Smith has referred it clients to insurance companies without letting them know. It is the obligation of the auditor to maintain confidentiality about the information acquired due to business and professional relationship. However, in the given case the auditor has disclosed confidential information (Glover, Taylor and Wu, 2015). Here David smith has to let know the clients about this fact that he has referred their names and about the arrangements in connection with the commission which the auditor will receive in consideration. In this situation, there is a breach of confidentiality. In accordance with the auditing ethics of Australia, it is important to accomplish audit work by considering professional approach and being committed to the work of client. As per the provided information in the scenario, it can be noticed that there is not a proper aspect for securing information provided by the client as information can be assessed by anyone and it can lead to clients (Glover, Taylor and Wu, 2015). By considering this factor, in this case, there is the possibility of violation of the ethical principle of the objectivity and Professional Competence and Due Care. Arens, A.A, 2007. Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. Collings, S., 2014. Frequently Asked Questions in International Standards on Auditing. John Wiley & Sons. Gay, G.E. and Simnett, R. 2010. Auditing and assurance services in Australia. Mcgraw-hill. Glover, S.M., Taylor, M.H. and Wu, Y.J. 2015. Mind the gap: Factors contributing to purported deficiencies in auditing complex estimates beyond auditor performance. Available at SSRN 2504521. Mironiuc, M., Robu, B. I. and Robu, A. M., 2012. The Fraud Auditing: Empirical Study Concerning the Identification of the Financial Dimensions of Fraud. Journal of Accounting and Auditing Research and Practice, 2. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile Research Paper

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile dysfunction in prostatectomy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that one of the most inevitable aspects of the human life span is aging. What makes aging a great issue within the health community is that it brings with it numerous degenerative diseases and conditions. Some of these degenerative diseases include osteoarthritis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington’s disease, heart diseases and numerous others. Sometimes, some degenerative diseases or conditions affect one gender more than the other. For example, females have to deal with menopause and all the complications such changes in the body bring about For males, one of the conditions most have to face is erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) involves the inability to maintain, or even achieve, an erection that is adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Although some temporary cases of erectile dysfunction have been documented in males, these can be attributed to factor s other than the degeneration of the human body. What is clinically relevant for healthcare providers as well as researchers is erectile dysfunction that involves a consistent failure to achieve and/or maintain erection which affects around half of all attempts at sexual intercourse. It is a common problem affecting men and thus impacting on the quality of life and their partners. This result into fear, loss of self esteem (self image), self confidence and depression. It has been estimated to affect more than 150 million men with only 20% of men seeking medical attention. (Aversa et al, 2004). In USA it affects between 20 to 30 million with risks of development being high with increasing age (Hellstrom et al, 2002). Numerous reasons have been provided for erectile dysfunction, including both psychological and physical factors. Psychological causes may involve stress, depression, relationship changes, low self-esteem, fatigue, performance anxiety, and numerous others (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Although psychological causes are sometimes more common in temporary cases of erectile dysfunction, these factors can aggravate the dysfunction brought about by physical causes, especially among older males. On the other hand, physical reasons for erectile dysfunction include diminished testosterone levels, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine problems, and even the decrease in penile response to nitric oxide, the neurotransmitter responsible for the erection of the penis (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff, 2011). Another well-documented reason attributed to erectile dysfunction is prostatectomy. Prostatectomy involves the removal or resection of a portion of a prostate due to enlargement of the prostate or one of its lobes (Brunner, Smeltzer & Bare, 2010). Studies have established that one of the expected complications of prostatectomy, specifically radical prostatectomy, is erectile dysfunction. Such a complication is most attributed to the damage caused on nerves during the surgery involving the resection of the prostate. These damages can be attributed to actual physical trauma on the nerves involving penile erection, or to complications from the anesthetic used (Lewis, et al., 2011). Still, it must be acknowledged that almost all forms of prostatectomy, even those that aim to spare the nerves (i.e. laparoscopic and robot-assisted prostatectomy), lead to erectile dysfunction, although to varying degrees (Zippe, Nandipati, Agarwal, & Raina, 2006). Identifying problems The identified problems are lack of knowledge about the option treatments, emotional distress anxiety about performance, dissatisfaction, impaired self esteem which affect personal relationships, lack of support and understanding from other significant, spousal dissatisfaction and quality of life affected (Aversa et al, 200

Marketing Plan Phase III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan Phase III - Essay Example where executives are always in a hurry catching up with their appointments and needs to have an access to technology which will keep them in track with recent economic and business developments. Thus, Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself along these lines by being creating aircrafts and coming up with innovative features which respond to these needs. As stated above, the main factor which will differentiate Boeing 007 Heli-jet with other aircrafts is its concern on the importance of time in the current business environment. Noting that Boeing 007 Heli-jet is aimed at the corporate executives, it will emphasize its consideration of their lifestyle which requires them to attend meetings. Globalization further demands attending meetings abroad to meet with a wider spectrum of local executives. As time is very important to the market, they need airplanes which are capable of flying at faster speed in order to maximize this resource. As shorter time is spent on travelling far distances, the Boeing 007 Heli-jet enables executives to focus on and spend more time in their meetings as well as discussion of business matters. Thus, it also has the capacity to shorten the period that business executives stay in a certain country for these affairs. This will mean savings for the company in terms of accommodation and maximization of time. In the end, the newest product of Boeing Commercial Airplanes will be positioned as the aircraft which maximizes the use of time by being the fastest aircraft in the face of Earth. Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself among other aircrafts not only by becoming the fastest plane in the world but also by maximizing time by offering features which will enable business executives to be in-touch with the business world through work station cabins which will be equipped by phone equipments and internet connection. The aircraft will offer comfort and convenience through design and furnishing of an executive office. In order to